The Muted Group theory was created by Cheris Kramarae and defined as people belonging to low-power groups who must change their language when communicating publicly, thus, their ideas are often overlooked”. In this theory, women are the muted group because language is a man-made structure. As being part of the muted group women engage in sexual harassment which means unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context of a relationship of unequal power. In most cases it men harassing women because of the power levels are different.
The standpoint theory was created by Sandra Harding and Julia Wood and was defined “a place from which to critically view the world around us. In this theory, it is known that many people in the society have different viewpoint about life and how they should live in it. The principle of standpoint is that it shapes our world view of the world around us. A good example of this would be someone from the lower class moving into the middle class, but having a lower class mindset about the world around them. Another example, would be two people from different background that have different viewpoint on the world around them.
Example: Uncle phil and Will disagree on on how to acting in a party environment.
The genderlect theory was created Deborah Tannen and defined as men and women miscommunication all the time and possessing different ideas. In the chapter Tannen there were different speech forms that showed that women valued rapport talk, while men value report talk. The different forms were private speaking vs. public speaking, when telling a story, while listening, when asking questions, and in times of conflict.
The speed code theory was created by Gerry Philipsen and defined as “a historically enacted, socially constructive system of terms, meanings, premises, and rules pertaining to communicative conduct”. Philipsen created six propositions of the theory to explain it:
Wherever there is a distinctive culture, there is to be found a distinctive speech code
In any given speech community, multiple speech codes are deployed
A speech code involves a culturally distinctive psychology, sociology, and rhetoric
The significance of speaking, depends on the speech codes used by speakers and listeners to create and interpret their communication
The terms, rules, and premises of a speech code are inextricably woven into speaking itself
The artful use of a shared speech code is a sufficient condition for predicting, explaining, and controlling the form of discourse about the intelligibility, prudence, and morality of communication conduct
The cultivation theory was created by George Gerber, and cultivation is defined as “the process of trying to acquire or develop a quality or skill.” George Gerber believe that violence “is the simplest and cheapest dramatic means to demonstrate who wins in the game of life and the rules by which the game is played. At heart, television in society shapes the way we live. There are different types of TV watchers: the heavy viewers and the light viewers. The heavy viewer are the one who spend most of their day watching television, while the light viewer only spend a few hours. Gerber believed that heavy viewers watch so much television that they start that how the world around them was shaped.
Semiotics was created by Roland Barthes and it was defined as “the study of the social production of meaning from sign systems; the analysis of anything that can stand for something else”. Semiotics is about signs whether they are verbal or nonverbal. We go through everyday life seeing different signs that we don’t notice or even pay attention too. There are three different type of signs; symbolic, iconic and indexical. The symbolic sign are sign that doesn’t relate to what it is interpreting. A good example of this would be like the play button that we use on radio or remotes. The iconic signs are opposite of the symbole because they relate to what the image actual mean. An example of this would be like the back and forward buttons on a radio or remotes. The indexical signs are the one that are directly connected with their referents spatially, temporally, or by cause and effect.
The rhetoric theory was created by Aristotle, which is defined, “discovering all possible means of persuasion”. Aristotle said means are based on three types of persuasion. The three are logical, emotional and ethical proof. The logical proof comes from the line of argument, ethical proof is the way a speakers character is revealed and emotional is the feeling the listeners pick up from the speaker. Aristotle focused on three types of speaking which where forensic, epidetic and deliberative. The Forensic speaking purify decisions considering actions of the past the epidictic speaking consider praise and blame for present day audiences and the deliberative speaking attempts to influence those who consider future policy.
With the theory of functional perspective on group decision making created by Randy Hirokawa and Dennis Gouran, it consists of four different parts. The four different parts are analysis of the problem, goal setting, identification of alternatives, and evaluation of positive and negative characteristics. Hirokawa and Gouran believed that group decision making would help groups communicating reach conclusions better than when you are alone.
this movies is about 12 men that are a group and have to come to a conclusion on a verdict of a murder trail.
The cognitive dissonance theory was created by Leon Festinger and he defined it as “distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a persons two beliefs or a belief and an action”. The book also stated that there were three was that people can prevent dissonance. The three ways were Selective exposure, post decision dissonance and minimal justification. Selective exposure was when people avoid new information because it might interference with their own beliefs. Then post decision dissonance was when rethinking a decision that you already made and minimal justification was a way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough incentive to elicit counterattitudinal behavior.
The coordinated management of meaning theory, also known as the “CMM” stated as an interpretive theory that, “person-in-conversation co-construct their own social realities and are shaped by the worlds they create.” When looked at by Pearce and Cronen from a practical theory point of view, they see the CMM theory as a way to make communication better for an individual in the world. One of part of the CMM is the idea of reflexive meaning which is “our actions have effects that bounce back and affect us”.
