Cheris Kramare says that language is a Man-made construction and that womens words are discounted in our society making women a muted group. She also found that women were notable mostly by presence. Just like in the example of cartoons where only 20 of the 54 have females and only 10 of those women speak. Also in those cartoons women were seen as very wishy-washy compared to the males who were forceful in their speech and the words they used towards females were flowery and filled with adjectives like nice and pretty.

An example of this can be seen in the cartoon Tom and Jerry. We know there is a woman character in it but all we ever see is her legs and she rarely speaks. We don’t see her face at any point.

https://www.google.com/search?q=mother+in+Tom+and+Jerry&es_sm=93&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=dH_iU6CuOqnmsATAvIAw&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=775&dpr=1#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=r3OzFhxf7_zuxM%253A%3BtkiWEGuhyF2CpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwikipedia%252Fen%252F4%252F40%252FMammytwoshoes.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252FTom_and_Jerry%3B432%3B369

Sandra Harding and Julia T. Wood claim one of the best ways to discover how the world works is to start the inquiry from the standpoint of women and other groups on the margins of society. In the idea of Women As A Marginalized group is says men tend to want more autonomy, and women tend to want more connection. The masculine community used speech to accomplish tasks, assert self, and gain power. The feminine community uses speech to build relationships, include others, and show responsiveness.

In the video below coach Carter uses his speech to establish the power he has over the team and to assert him self. He establishes that he is in control and won’t take crap from anyone. This fits the idea of Women as A marginalized Group perfectly

Deborah Tannen is convinced that men and women have miscommunication all the time. The reason for this could be the idea of Genderlect, which is “A term suggesting that masculine and feminine styles of discourse are best viewed as two distinct dialects”, which is like a clash of two whole different worlds. Tannen breaks the two into five different parts. One is Private Speaking vs. Public Speaking which is saying that women usually talk more in private than men, also men talk as a weapon to obtain a one up position. Part two is Telling a Story which is saying that men often tell more stories than women, especially jokes. Three is Listening, which says women listening to a story tend to make eye contact and offer other little things that lets the speaker know they are listening, men are more concerned with status so he avoids putting himself out there and just agrees which makes women think they are not listening. Four is asking questions that says women ask questions to establish a connection with others. The fifth is conflict which states that many men are more comfortable with conflict and less likely to hold themselves in check, to women conflict is a threat to connection that they want to avoid at all costs.

In the political cartoon below the man tries to figure out everything by himself because he didn’t want to ask questions and the woman says all he needed to do was ask and she would have figured it out from him. This would fall into category four because men don’t often ask questions.

Gerry Philipsen breaks the speech code into six different Propositions. One is “wherever there is a distinctive culture, there is to be found a distinctive speech code” Two, “in any given speech community, multiple speech codes are deployed”. Three,”A speech code involves a culturally distinctive psychology, sociology, and rhetoric’. Four, “The significance of speaking, depends on the speech codes used by speakers and listeners to create and interpret their communication”. Five, “The terms, rules, and premises of a speech code are inextricably woven into speaking itself”. Finally six, “the artful use of a shared speech code is a sufficient condition for predicting, explaining, and controlling”.

Part five has four parts that include Initiation, Acknowledgement, Negotiation, and Reaffirmation.

An example of Reaffirmation could be seen in a clip from friday Night lights. The coach jumps to a wrong concusion about one of his players and disrespects him. However, he goes to his house later to talk to him about it and set their differences apart.

https://www.google.com/search?q=tim+riggins+and+coach+taylor&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=KuveU6SEK6TLsQTNyoDoDQ&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=775

The Cultivation theory is a theory basically saying that the amount of TV you watch effects the way that you may see the outside world. One big part of it is the Institutional Process Analysis which is a Scholarship that penetrates behind the scenes of media organizations in an effort to understand what policies are there. Another is message system analysis that involves careful study of TV content.

Just like in the cartoon on page 369 where the Grandma thinks she will be killed in her bed because of the things she has seen on TV. The same effect is seen in the picture below. The child most likely see’s gun being used by “cool” characters on tv all the time. Which in turn makes him think that if he has a gun then that must make him cool too.

https://www.google.com/search?q=kid+playing+with+gun&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=SO7aU8irFuLesAST5IGgDQ&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=732&dpr=1#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=p2rCr2r0wkTMdM%253A%3B7mbiyemTJ1XDaM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fi.dailymail.co.uk%252Fi%252Fpix%252F2007%252F12_04%252F049kidwithgunDM_468x325.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%252Fnews%252Farticle-504992%252FWhy-boys-allowed-play-toy-guns.html%3B468%3B325

Semiotics is the study of the social production of meaning from sign systems, the analysis of anything that can stand for something else. It consists of two major parts. One being “a sign is the combination of its signifier which is actually what we see in the image and the signified which is what the image actually means to us. Another part is “a sign does not stand on its own: it is part of a system”. Basically every sign we have that has meaning to us is part of a bigger picture.

We see examples of part one all the time in our every day life and each is part of a bigger picture. An example of this is a traffic light. As a signifier we literally see three lights that are red yellow and green, but as the signified we know that green means go, yellow means proceed with caution, and red means stop.

Cognitive Dissonance is the distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a persons two beliefs or a belief and an action. Festinger hypothesized three ways that people could prevent dissonance. One of them was Selective Exposure which is the tendency of people to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance because its incompatible with their beliefs. Another one is Post decision Dissonance which is strong doubts experienced after making an important decision that you cant go back on. This hypothesis requires someone to reassure them or reassure themselves that they are making the right decision. Finally the third is the Minimal Justification Hypothesis which is a claim that the best way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough incentive to elicit counterattitudinal behavior.

An example of the second hypothesis (post decision Dissonance) can be seen in college football all the time when coaches leave schools they have been at for a while to go to a different school that they think will be better. There is no going back once they make that choice and at times they could really regret and have some serious dissonance from leaving all the recent players and everything behind. They need constant reminding that the decision they made was the right one.

Rhetoric is basically the are of persuasion and finding the available means of persuasion. With specific speech situations, Aristotle focused on three types of speaking. Forensic speaking, which renders just decisions considering actions of the past. Epidectic speaking considers praise and blame for present day audiences. Finally, deliberative speaking which attempts to influence those who consider future policy. Aristotle also said means are based on three types of persuasion. Logical proof which comes from the line of argument, ethical proof which is the way a speakers character is revealed and Emotional is the feeling the listeners pick up from the speaker.

Two of the three types of persuasion can be seen in the movie Friday Night Lights during Ivory Christians half time speech. You can see his ethical proof is that is he very determined and has a strong character because he is so set on his team winning the game and that he wants it so bad. Also the emotional is seen by the way the teammates react, they are pumped up by the speech and get a second wind from it to go out and compete to their best ability.

Randy Hirokawa and Dennis Gouran believe that group interaction has a positive effect on the final decision. In order to make an effective decision four steps must be involved. The steps include Analysis of the Problem, Goal Setting, Identification of Alternatives, and Evaluation of positive and negatives. Analysis of the problem to me is the most important. If something isn’t wrong then there is no need to fix it, however if there is a problem it is important to figure out what it is. As Hirokiwa says, the clearest example of faulty analysis is the failure to recognize a potential threat when one exist.

An example of this can be seen in the movie Remember the titans in many circumstances. One could be between the coaches, because when Coach Boone replaces coach Yoast there is alot of tension. Luckily they realize the problem that there was and learned to coexist with each other and become great friends. Otherwise the turmoil of the two could have been a problem for the team. Also an example can be seen between the players. Specifically Julius Campbell and Gerry Brotier. In the beginning the two hate each other and get into several fights because of race. However, they soon realize the problem and discover that race doesn’t matter. Once these two leaders of the team put their differences aside and become good friends the whole team comes together and becomes stronger as a whole because they were able to see the problem and fix it.

The Coordinated Management of Meaning can be broken down into an interpretive theory existing of four different parts. One of those four would be the idea of Reflexivity meaning that “our actions have effects that bounce back and affect us”. An example of this that comes into my mind is in Coach Carter where Cruz decides to walk out on the team. His actions later bounce back to effect him when he wants to join the team again but Coach Carter will only let him back on the team if he performs a substantial amount of push ups and suicides. Following this is a more positive example. When Cruz does not get it done the other players step up and do it for him. Then their actions come back to effect them by building team chemistry and getting one of their better players back.

Below is the link for the scene in which i’m talking about.